For same line voltage, a star connected alternator requires less insulation than delta connected alternator.
In star connection phase voltage=(line voltage)/root(3). Since induced emf per phase is directly proportional to number of turns, star connected alternator will require less number of turns for the same line voltage
In star connection the distorting line to neutral harmonics Do not appear as they effectively cancel out each other. Therefore line voltage remain sinusoidal.
There are two types of system available in electric circuit, single phase and three phase system. In single phase circuit, there will be only one phase, i.e the current will flow through only one wire and there will be one return path called neutral line to complete the circuit. So in single phase minimum amount of power can be transported. Here the generating station and load station will also be single phase. This is an old system using from previous http://time.In1882, new invention has been done on polyphase system, that more than one phase can be used for generating, transmitting and for load system. Three phase circuit is the polyphase system where three phases are send together from the generator to the load. Each phase are having a phase difference of 120°, i.e 120° angle electrically. So from the total of 360°, three phases are equally divided into 120° each. The power in three phase system is continuous as all the three phases are involved in generating the total power. The sinusoidal waves for 3 phase system is shown below-
The three phases can be used as single phase each. So if the load is single phase, then one phase can be taken from the three phase circuit and the neutral can be used as ground to complete the circuit.
Why Three Phase is preferred Over Single Phase?
There are various reasons for this question because there are numbers of advantages over single phase circuit. The three phase system can be used as three single phase line so it can act as three single phase system. The three phase generation and single phase generation is same in the generator except the arrangement of coil in the generator to get 120° phase difference. The conductor needed in three phase circuit is 75% that of conductor needed in single phase circuit. And also the instantaneous power in single phase system falls down to zero as in single phase we can see from the sinusoidal curve but in three phase system the net power from all the phases gives a continuous power to the load.
Till now we can say that there are three voltage source connected together to form a three phase circuit and actually it is inside the generator. The generator is having three voltage sources which are acting together in 120° phase difference. If we can arrange three single phase circuit with 120° phase difference, then it will become a three phase circuit. So 120° phase difference is must otherwise the circuit will not work, the three phase load will not be able to get active and it may also cause damage to the system. The size or metal quantity of three phase devices is not having much difference. Now if we consider the transformer, it will be almost same size for both single phase and three phase because transformer will make only the linkage of flux. So the three phase system will have higher efficiency compared to single phase because for the same or little difference in mass of transformer, three phase line will be out whereas in single phase it will be only one. And losses will be minimum in three phase circuit. So overall in conclusion the three phase system will have better and higher efficiency compared to the single phase system. In three phase circuit, connections can be given in two types:
Star connection
Delta connection
Star Connection
In star connection, there is four wire, three wires are phase wire and fourth is neutral which is taken from the star point. Star connection is preferred for long distance power transmission because it is having the neutral point. In this we need to come to the concept of balanced and unbalanced current in power system.
When equal current will flow through all the three phases, then it is called as balanced current. And when the current will not be equal in any of the phase, then it is unbalanced current. In this case, during balanced condition there will be no current flowing through the neutral line and hence there is no use of the neutral terminal. But when there will be unbalanced current flowing in the three phase circuit, neutral is having a vital role. It will take the unbalanced current through to the ground and protect the transformer. Unbalanced current affects transformer and it may also cause damage to the transformer and for this star connection is preferred for long distance transmission. The star connection is shown below-
In star connection, the line voltage is √3 times of phase voltage. Line voltage is the voltage between two phases in three phase circuit and phase voltage is the voltage between one phase to the neutral line. And the current is same for both line and phase. It is shown as expression below
Delta Connection
In delta connection, there is three wires alone and no neutral terminal is taken. Normally delta connection is preferred for short distance due to the problem of unbalanced current in the circuit. The figure is shown below for delta connection. In the load station, ground can be used as neutral path if required.
In delta connection, the line voltage is same with that of phase voltage. And the line current is √3 times of phase current. It is shown as expression below,
In three phase circuit, star and delta connection can be arranged in four different ways-
Star-Star connection
Star-Delta connection
Delta-Star connection
Delta-Delta connection
But the power is independent of the circuit arrangement of the three phase system. The net power in the circuit will be same in both star and delta connection. The power in three phase circuit can be calculated from the equation below,
Since, there is three phases, so the multiple of 3 is made in the normal power equation and the PF is power factor. Power factor is a very important factor in three phase system and some times due to certain error, it is corrected by using capacitors https://www.electrical4u.com/three-phase-circuit-star-and-delta-system/
For a preview you can access the book (entire book 2007 year print) from Google books. But you cannot edit, copy or download the book or its content. There are some ways by which you can download preview books from Google.
For engineering students from various departments, require more information about final year projects. The last year project is challenging work for every engineering student. They need to do many researches, and analysis about their projects with creative ideas. Nowadays , many project are available on Google Search Engine. Engineers Garage is also the website which is only for Electronics and Electrical Engineers. Where students can find various Projects ideas and tutorials. Very Helpful website for Final year engineering students which has innovative ideas for projects in electronics and communication.
The course content and cover topics mentioned in other answers. But here are few things you need to check before joining.
1) How good are you with C and system concepts?
If your answer to this is fair enough or just college level understanding then I would recommend you to go ahead and join. Don’t think about the placement and fees because you need strong basics to build upon. I agree with others just joining a institute will not make you Embedded System Engineer. You have to practice whatever is being taught. As far as the teaching is concerned its top notch, even someone who has no prior knowledge of the concepts will come out with a very good understanding of the basics.
If your basics are well covered in C and systems side (Linux programming in particular) then I would suggest go for internship as you will be able to apply your knowledge to projects and will be able to learn practically. But again getting a internship also requires some work. As suggested in other answer opting for a small embedded system company or a start up is a good option.
2) Placement criteria?
When it comes to placements through Vector, two factors will get you shortlisted for a good company visiting Vector for placement (there are fair amount of good companies that visit Vector for placement, you can check their website for details). One, your academic background and whether it fits in the criteria of the visiting company(most good companies hire previous/same year graduates only). Two, your performance in Vector’s internal test and mocks. If you have this two covered then you will be in a very good position for placement. Then you just have to clear the written for the company(which should not be very difficult if you have done well in vector’s internal exams meaning you have absorbed the concepts well and are able to apply them when required). And then perform well in interviews. That’s it.
Having attended Vector and having placed through their placement cycle and been working in the industry from last 3 years, I can definitely say that attending Vector helps because you get well prepared for the industry as their course covers all the modules that are required to get you started in the industry and also offers decent placement opportunities to those who fit in the placement criteria.
So evaluate yourself based on the above two criteria then go for the option that best suits your evaluation.
First, let us take a look at this grain size distribution curve.
In this curve,
x axis – Particle size(dia) in mm in log scale
y axis – Percentage finer.
From this curve, we can find the D60, D30 and D10 of a particular soil.
D60 – 60 % of the soil particles are finer than this size.
D30 – 30% of the particles are finer than this size.
D10 – 10% of the particles are finer than this size.
Above definitions are just self explanatory. For example, if you have 100 particles of diameter ranging from 1 mm to 100 mm, D60 is 61 mm (below which 60% of particles are there).
Why do we find this?
To find Cu and Cc.
Cu – Uniformity coefficient.
Cu = D60/D10.
Cc – Coefficient of curvature.
Cc = (D30)^2 /(D60)(D10).
What is the use of this Cu and Cc?
Cu is always greater than 1 (equal to 1 is possible only by theoretical). If Cu is closer to 1 ( ie. D60 and D10 sizes are close to each other, which means there are more no. of particles arein the same size range), the soil is considered as uniformly graded.
If Cu is away from 1, the soil is well graded(ie. it has a vareity of size range distributed well). For gravel, if Cu>4, it is well graded. For sand, if Cu>6, it is well graded.
Cc is also greater than 1 ( equal to 1 is possible only by theoretical). For a well graded soil, Cc ranges between 1 to 3.
So,
Cu and Cc gives us idea about particle size distribution of a soil. These values are used in the soil classification.
Bonus points :
Why log scale is used instead of normal scale? If we use normal scale, it requires veryyyy length sheet to plot the soil size. Soil particles sizes ranges from few micrometers to centimeters range( 10^(-6) to 10^(-2) m ). So, it is impossible to cover this range with normal scale. Hence, log scale is used. And also getting a good curve is possible only with log scale.
For a uniformly graded soil, the grain distribution curve is almost vertical. For a well graded soil, the curve has a good slope. For a gap graded soil, the curve is almost horizontal in between any two points.
In CFD-post there are some macro calculation and native function that deal with these kind or demand. Mass flow rate, Averages on areas or volumes are some of tools available to do those calculations.
Once in this tab, select the function ( area, area average, mass flow rate,etc) , the region ( inlet, outlet, entire domain…) and if necessary, a variable to perform a average, for example.
There is no coding, is a native feature in the post-processing tool.
One of the best career choices I’ve ever made was to learn how to start a blog (this blog).
My decision to learn how to start a blog and begin making money from it on the side of my day job, is what propelled me into building a six-figure freelance writing business with clients like LinkedIn, Zendesk, Google, Intuit and more. On top of that, starting a blog has helped me generate thousands of dollars in passive income each month and book interviews with some of the world’s top entrepreneurs for my podcast.
More than anything, my choice to start a blog has allowed me to connect with and teach more than 2,000,000 incredible, talented, and passionate readers (like you) every single year.
Whether you’re trying to build a freelance business, launch personal brand, earn a living from blogging, or are just passionate and want to write about a certain topic, there’s nothing I would recommend more than challenging yourself to learn how to start a blog today.
And while it’s now easier than ever to get started with writing and publishing online, the last thing you want to slow you down is all the technicalities of starting a blog.
How to Start a Blog (on the Side) in 10 Easy Steps
The Rankine cycle is a model used to predict the performance of steam turbine systems. It was also used to study the performance of reciprocating steam engines. The Rankine cycle is an idealized thermodynamic cycle of a heat engine that converts heat into mechanical work while undergoing phase change.
Varun
Varun
There are two types of system available in electric circuit, single phase and three phase system. In single phase circuit, there will be only one phase, i.e the current will flow through only one wire and there will be one return path called neutral line to complete the circuit. So in single phase minimum amount of power can be transported. Here the generating station and load station will also be single phase. This is an old system using from previous http://time.In1882, new invention has been done on polyphase system, that more than one phase can be used for generating, transmitting and for load system. Three phase circuit is the polyphase system where three phases are send together from the generator to the load. Each phase are having a phase difference of 120°, i.e 120° angle electrically. So from the total of 360°, three phases are equally divided into 120° each. The power in three phase system is continuous as all the three phases are involved in generating the total power. The sinusoidal waves for 3 phase system is shown below-
The three phases can be used as single phase each. So if the load is single phase, then one phase can be taken from the three phase circuit and the neutral can be used as ground to complete the circuit.
Why Three Phase is preferred Over Single Phase?
There are various reasons for this question because there are numbers of advantages over single phase circuit. The three phase system can be used as three single phase line so it can act as three single phase system. The three phase generation and single phase generation is same in the generator except the arrangement of coil in the generator to get 120° phase difference. The conductor needed in three phase circuit is 75% that of conductor needed in single phase circuit. And also the instantaneous power in single phase system falls down to zero as in single phase we can see from the sinusoidal curve but in three phase system the net power from all the phases gives a continuous power to the load.
Till now we can say that there are three voltage source connected together to form a three phase circuit and actually it is inside the generator. The generator is having three voltage sources which are acting together in 120° phase difference. If we can arrange three single phase circuit with 120° phase difference, then it will become a three phase circuit. So 120° phase difference is must otherwise the circuit will not work, the three phase load will not be able to get active and it may also cause damage to the system. The size or metal quantity of three phase devices is not having much difference. Now if we consider the transformer, it will be almost same size for both single phase and three phase because transformer will make only the linkage of flux. So the three phase system will have higher efficiency compared to single phase because for the same or little difference in mass of transformer, three phase line will be out whereas in single phase it will be only one. And losses will be minimum in three phase circuit. So overall in conclusion the three phase system will have better and higher efficiency compared to the single phase system. In three phase circuit, connections can be given in two types:
Star Connection
In star connection, there is four wire, three wires are phase wire and fourth is neutral which is taken from the star point. Star connection is preferred for long distance power transmission because it is having the neutral point. In this we need to come to the concept of balanced and unbalanced current in power system.
When equal current will flow through all the three phases, then it is called as balanced current. And when the current will not be equal in any of the phase, then it is unbalanced current. In this case, during balanced condition there will be no current flowing through the neutral line and hence there is no use of the neutral terminal. But when there will be unbalanced current flowing in the three phase circuit, neutral is having a vital role. It will take the unbalanced current through to the ground and protect the transformer. Unbalanced current affects transformer and it may also cause damage to the transformer and for this star connection is preferred for long distance transmission. The star connection is shown below-
In star connection, the line voltage is √3 times of phase voltage. Line voltage is the voltage between two phases in three phase circuit and phase voltage is the voltage between one phase to the neutral line. And the current is same for both line and phase. It is shown as expression below
Delta Connection
In delta connection, there is three wires alone and no neutral terminal is taken. Normally delta connection is preferred for short distance due to the problem of unbalanced current in the circuit. The figure is shown below for delta connection. In the load station, ground can be used as neutral path if required.
In delta connection, the line voltage is same with that of phase voltage. And the line current is √3 times of phase current. It is shown as expression below,
In three phase circuit, star and delta connection can be arranged in four different ways-
But the power is independent of the circuit arrangement of the three phase system. The net power in the circuit will be same in both star and delta connection. The power in three phase circuit can be calculated from the equation below,
Since, there is three phases, so the multiple of 3 is made in the normal power equation and the PF is power factor. Power factor is a very important factor in three phase system and some times due to certain error, it is corrected by using capacitors https://www.electrical4u.com/three-phase-circuit-star-and-delta-system/
Varun
Try this
https://youtu.be/1PT6hlGVBnI?t=2
Varun
For a preview you can access the book (entire book 2007 year print) from Google books. But you cannot edit, copy or download the book or its content. There are some ways by which you can download preview books from Google.
Here’s the link for reference
Basic and Applied Soil Mechanics
Varun
For engineering students from various departments, require more information about final year projects. The last year project is challenging work for every engineering student. They need to do many researches, and analysis about their projects with creative ideas. Nowadays , many project are available on Google Search Engine. Engineers Garage is also the website which is only for Electronics and Electrical Engineers. Where students can find various Projects ideas and tutorials. Very Helpful website for Final year engineering students which has innovative ideas for projects in electronics and communication.
Varun
The course content and cover topics mentioned in other answers. But here are few things you need to check before joining.
1) How good are you with C and system concepts?
If your answer to this is fair enough or just college level understanding then I would recommend you to go ahead and join. Don’t think about the placement and fees because you need strong basics to build upon. I agree with others just joining a institute will not make you Embedded System Engineer. You have to practice whatever is being taught. As far as the teaching is concerned its top notch, even someone who has no prior knowledge of the concepts will come out with a very good understanding of the basics.
If your basics are well covered in C and systems side (Linux programming in particular) then I would suggest go for internship as you will be able to apply your knowledge to projects and will be able to learn practically. But again getting a internship also requires some work. As suggested in other answer opting for a small embedded system company or a start up is a good option.
2) Placement criteria?
When it comes to placements through Vector, two factors will get you shortlisted for a good company visiting Vector for placement (there are fair amount of good companies that visit Vector for placement, you can check their website for details). One, your academic background and whether it fits in the criteria of the visiting company(most good companies hire previous/same year graduates only). Two, your performance in Vector’s internal test and mocks. If you have this two covered then you will be in a very good position for placement. Then you just have to clear the written for the company(which should not be very difficult if you have done well in vector’s internal exams meaning you have absorbed the concepts well and are able to apply them when required). And then perform well in interviews. That’s it.
Having attended Vector and having placed through their placement cycle and been working in the industry from last 3 years, I can definitely say that attending Vector helps because you get well prepared for the industry as their course covers all the modules that are required to get you started in the industry and also offers decent placement opportunities to those who fit in the placement criteria.
So evaluate yourself based on the above two criteria then go for the option that best suits your evaluation.
Varun
First, let us take a look at this grain size distribution curve.
In this curve,
x axis – Particle size(dia) in mm in log scale
y axis – Percentage finer.
From this curve, we can find the D60, D30 and D10 of a particular soil.
D60 – 60 % of the soil particles are finer than this size.
D30 – 30% of the particles are finer than this size.
D10 – 10% of the particles are finer than this size.
Above definitions are just self explanatory. For example, if you have 100 particles of diameter ranging from 1 mm to 100 mm, D60 is 61 mm (below which 60% of particles are there).
Why do we find this?
To find Cu and Cc.
Cu – Uniformity coefficient.
Cu = D60/D10.
Cc – Coefficient of curvature.
Cc = (D30)^2 /(D60)(D10).
What is the use of this Cu and Cc?
Cu is always greater than 1 (equal to 1 is possible only by theoretical). If Cu is closer to 1 ( ie. D60 and D10 sizes are close to each other, which means there are more no. of particles are in the same size range), the soil is considered as uniformly graded.
If Cu is away from 1, the soil is well graded(ie. it has a vareity of size range distributed well). For gravel, if Cu>4, it is well graded. For sand, if Cu>6, it is well graded.
Cc is also greater than 1 ( equal to 1 is possible only by theoretical). For a well graded soil, Cc ranges between 1 to 3.
So,
Cu and Cc gives us idea about particle size distribution of a soil. These values are used in the soil classification.
Bonus points :
Varun
Varun
One of the best career choices I’ve ever made was to learn how to start a blog (this blog).
My decision to learn how to start a blog and begin making money from it on the side of my day job, is what propelled me into building a six-figure freelance writing business with clients like LinkedIn, Zendesk, Google, Intuit and more. On top of that, starting a blog has helped me generate thousands of dollars in passive income each month and book interviews with some of the world’s top entrepreneurs for my podcast.
More than anything, my choice to start a blog has allowed me to connect with and teach more than 2,000,000 incredible, talented, and passionate readers (like you) every single year.
Whether you’re trying to build a freelance business, launch personal brand, earn a living from blogging, or are just passionate and want to write about a certain topic, there’s nothing I would recommend more than challenging yourself to learn how to start a blog today.
And while it’s now easier than ever to get started with writing and publishing online, the last thing you want to slow you down is all the technicalities of starting a blog.
How to Start a Blog (on the Side) in 10 Easy Steps
1. Find Your Niche and Decide What to Blog About
2. Choose a Blogging Platform (CMS)
3. Pick Your Blog’s Name and Domain
4. Find a Hosting Provider
5. Choose a Theme and Design Your Blog
6. Create Your Essential Pages (About, Contact, Hire)
7. Develop Your Content Strategy
8. Commit to a Regular Publishing Schedule
9. Use Free Photos and Designs to Stand Out
10. Publish and Promote Your Posts (to Start Earning)
Varun
The Rankine cycle is a model used to predict the performance of steam turbine systems. It was also used to study the performance of reciprocating steam engines. The Rankine cycle is an idealized thermodynamic cycle of a heat engine that converts heat into mechanical work while undergoing phase change.